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1.
Lancet ; 398(10313): 1837-1850, 2021 11 13.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34774146

ABSTRACT

Type 1 diabetes is on the rise globally; however, the burden of mortality remains disproportionate in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). As 2021 marks 100 years since the discovery of insulin, we revisit progress, global burden of type 1 diabetes trends, and understanding of the pathogenesis and management practices related to the disease. Despite much progress, inequities in access and availability of insulin formulations persist and are reflected in differences in survival and morbidity patterns related to the disease. Some of these inequities have also been exacerbated by health-system challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. There is a clear opportunity to improve access to insulin and related essential technologies for improved management of type 1 diabetes in LMICs, especially as a part of universal health coverage. These improvements will require concerted action and investments in human resources, community engagement, and education for the timely diagnosis and management of type 1 diabetes, as well as adequate health-care financing. Further research in LMICs, especially those in Africa, is needed to improve our understanding of the burden, risk factors, and implementation strategies for managing type 1 diabetes.


Subject(s)
Developing Countries , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/epidemiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy , Global Burden of Disease/trends , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Insulin/therapeutic use , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Disease Management , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , Hypoglycemic Agents/economics , Hypoglycemic Agents/history , Insulin/economics , Insulin/history , Life Expectancy , Universal Health Insurance
3.
Article in English | PAHO-IRIS | ID: phr-49572

ABSTRACT

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in the Caribbean represent not only a major health problem, but also a serious economic challenge. NCDs cause the death of some 16 000 persons prior to age 70 annually, making an obvious impact on economic productivity. The goal is to avoid 5 000 of those deaths per year by 2030 and to reduce the upward cost spiral.


Subject(s)
Noncommunicable Diseases , Sustainable Development , Fiscal Policy , Tobacco , Alcohol Drinking , Caribbean Region
4.
10.
Washington, D.C; OPS; 2017-04.
in Spanish | PAHO-IRIS | ID: phr-33994

ABSTRACT

[Prefacio]. Las dimensiones económicas de las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) en América Latina y el Caribe (ALC), obra complementaria de Prioridades para el control de enfermedades (DPC3 por sus siglas en inglés) , explora el impacto y la relación entre las ENT y el desarrollo y crecimiento económico en los países de ALC. En los artículos que la component se examina la compleja interacción entre las ENT, el gasto sanitario y las inversiones económicas en las áreas de salud, pobreza e inequidades, utilizando para ello la información y los datos de investigación más recientes relativos a la región de ALC. Existen pruebas categóricas de que las ENT constituyen un problema de gran importancia cuya frecuencia va en aumento en los países de ingresos bajos y de ingresos medianos, y de que consumen proporciones cada vez mayors de los presupuestos destinados a la atención de salud. Las ENT no son simplemente la consecuencia indirecta del aumento de los ingresos y de la reducción paulatina de las enfermedades infecciosas, sino que también figuran entre las principales causas de discapacidad y mala salud y son la causa principal de muerte prevenible y prematura en las Américas. Las ENT generan cuantiosos gastos de bolsillo en salud tanto en los individuos como en las familias, así como enormes desembolsos en salud en los presupuestos nacionales. Durante los últimos 20 años, muchos países de ALC han tenido un crecimiento económico sin precedentes; y a pesar de la reciente crisis económica mundial, los indicadores económicos y de salud han mejorado en términos generales, especialmente en el plano nacional. Sin embargo, las ENT siguen poniendo en riesgo el crecimiento económico y el potencial de desarrollo de muchas naciones, sobre todo de aquellas de ingresos bajos y medianos que enfrentan un aumento más marcado de la carga de ENT como resultado del rápido crecimiento y envejecimiento de sus poblaciones. Estas enfermedades propician la inequidad; menoscaban los logros económicos de las personas, las comunidades y las sociedades, y obstaculizan el desarrollo de manera sostensible. Es imprescindible conocer más a fondo las repercusiones económicas de las ENT y mitigar sus consecuencias nocivas para las sociedades [...] En la presente obra también se aprovechan las evidencias previas y se evalúan las investigaciones empíricas más recientes con la finalidad de influir en la formulación de políticas, la preparación de programas y la asignación de recursos en torno a las ENT en los planos regional y nacional. Esta publicación también recomienda medidas específicas y hace un llamado a la participación de toda la sociedad en el manejo de las ENT como un problema económico urgente y un obstáculo al desarrollo. Con estos objetivos en mente se redactó Las dimensiones económicas de las enfermedades no transmisibles en América Latina y el Caribe, fruto de la labor de asesores técnicos de la OPS y de muchos otros expertos en el tema. La obra está dirigida a un auditorio variado que comprende desde académicos y profesionales de la salud hasta formuladores de políticas y directores de programas, así como medios de comunicación, legisladores y público en general. En la preparación de este libro, la OPS colaboró con el Banco Mundial, el Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública de México y la Disease Control Priorities Network (Red de prioridades en la lucha contra las enfermedades), del Departamento de Salud Global de la Universidad de Washington. Asimismo, la OPS contrató a destacados investigadores de toda la región ALC. Cada artículo se escribió por separado, en función de los conocimientos y las experiencia de los distintos autores.


Subject(s)
Chronic Disease , Social Determinants of Health , Health Care Economics and Organizations , Americas
11.
Washington, D.C; PAHO; 2016-06.
in English | PAHO-IRIS | ID: phr-28501

ABSTRACT

[Foreword]. Economic Dimensions of Noncommunicable Diseases in Latin America and the Caribbean is a companion volume to Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (DCP3). This volume explores the relationship between and the impact of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) on development and economic growth in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). This collection of manuscripts examines the complex interplay among NCDs, health expenditures and financial investments in health, poverty, and inequities, using up-to-date information and evidence from the LAC region. There is compelling proof that NCDs are a major and growing problem for low- and middle-income countries, and that they consume increasingly greater proportions of health care budgets. NCDs are not simply a byproduct of higher incomes and declining infectious disease rates, but are also a major cause of disability and ill health and the leading cause of preventable and premature mortality in the Americas. NCDs are responsible for significant out-of-pocket health expenditures for individuals and families, as well as substantial health outlays in national budgets [...] Economic Dimensions of Noncommunicable Diseases in Latin America and the Caribbean recognizes the relationship between NCDs and sociodemographic trends in the LAC region. These include unprecedented rates of urbanization, globalization, rapid population aging, and inadequate health system responses to these changes. This volume provides health planners and decision makers with relevant information about how NCDs contribute to economic development and makes a case for greater investments in the prevention and control of chronic conditions. This book also builds on previous evidence and assesses new empirical work, with the goal of influencing NCD policies, program design, and resource allocation at the regional and country level. The volume also recommends specific, concrete actions and calls for an all-of-society approach to address NCDs as both an urgent economic concern and a development issue. With these objectives in mind, Economic Dimensions of Noncommunicable Diseases in Latin America and the Caribbean has been written by PAHO technical advisors and a range of other, specially selected experts, for an audience that ranges from academics and health professionals to policy makers and program managers, as well as the media, lawmakers, and the general public.


Subject(s)
Health Care Economics and Organizations , Health Priorities , Health Evaluation , Health Policy , Chronic Disease , Risk Factors , Social Determinants of Health , Americas
13.
Salud Publica Mex ; 57(5): 444-67, 2015.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26545007

ABSTRACT

Prompted by the 20th anniversary of the 1993 World Development Report, a Lancet Commission revisited the case for investment in health and developed a new investment framework to achieve dramatic health gains by 2035. The Commission's report has four key messages, each accompanied by opportunities for action by national governments of low-income and middle-income countries and by the international community. First, there is an enormous economic payoff from investing in health. The impressive returns make a strong case for both increased domestic financing of health and for allocating a higher proportion of official development assistance to development of health. Second, modeling by the Commission found that a "grand convergence" in health is achievable by 2035-that is, a reduction in infectious, maternal, and child mortality down to universally low levels. Convergence would require aggressive scale up of existing and new health tools, and it could mostly be financed from the expected economic growth of low- and middle-income countries. The international community can best support convergence by funding the development and delivery of new health technologies and by curbing antibiotic resistance. Third, fiscal policies -such as taxation of tobacco and alcohol- are a powerful and underused lever that governments can use to curb non-communicable diseases and injuries while also raising revenue for health. International action on NCDs and injuries should focus on providing technical assistance on fiscal policies, regional cooperation on tobacco, and funding policy and implementation research on scaling-up of interventions to tackle these conditions. Fourth, progressive universalism, a pathway to universal health coverage (UHC) that includes the poor from the outset, is an efficient way to achieve health and financial risk protection. For national governments, progressive universalism would yield high health gains per dollar spent and poor people would gain the most in terms of health and financial protection. The international community can best support countries to implement progressive UHC by financing policy and implementation research, such as on the mechanics of designing and implementing evolution of the benefits package as the resource envelope for public finance grows.


Subject(s)
Global Health , Public Health , Community Health Planning , Developing Countries , Financing, Government , Financing, Organized , Goals , Health Policy , Health Promotion , Humans , International Cooperation , Investments , Preventive Health Services , Universal Health Insurance
15.
Salud pública Méx ; 57(5): 444-467, sep.-oct. 2015. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-764727

ABSTRACT

Con motivo del 20º aniversario del Informe sobre el Desarrollo Mundial 1993, una Comisión de la revista The Lancet reconsideró el argumento a favor de la inversión en salud y desarrolló un nuevo marco de inversión para lograr mejoras dramáticas en materia de salud para el año 2035. El informe de la Comisión contiene cuatro mensajes clave, cada uno acompañado de oportunidades para los gobiernos nacionales de países de ingresos bajos y medios y para la comunidad internacional. En primer lugar, invertir en salud acarrea enormes rendimientos económicos. Las impresionantes ganancias son un fuerte argumento a favor de un aumento en el financiamiento nacional de la salud y de asignar una mayor proporción de la asistencia oficial al desarrollo de la salud. En segundo lugar, en el modelo creado por la Comisión se encontró que es posible lograr para el año 2035 una "gran convergencia" en salud, consistente en la reducción de las tasas de mortalidad materna, infantil y por infecciones a niveles universalmente bajos. Tal convergencia requeriría la ampliación de las herramientas de salud existentes y un incremento agresivo de nuevas herramientas, y podría ser financiada en su mayor parte con recursos derivados del crecimiento económico esperado de los países de ingresos bajos y medios. La mejor manera en que la comunidad internacional puede apoyar la convergencia es financiando el desarrollo y suministro de nuevas tecnologías de salud, y frenando la resistencia a los antibióticos. En tercer lugar, las políticas fiscales -tales como los impuestos al tabaco y al alcohol- son una palanca poderosa y subutilizada que los gobiernos pueden emplear para detener el avance de las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) y las lesiones, a la vez que elevan los ingresos públicos para la salud. La acción internacional sobre las ENT y lesiones debería enfocarse en proporcionar asistencia técnica sobre políticas fiscales, en cooperación regional para el combate al tabaquismo y en financiar investigación sobre políticas e implementación para ampliar las intervenciones que enfrenten estos problemas. En cuarto lugar, la universalización progresiva -una vía hacia la cobertura universal de salud (CUS) que incluya desde el comienzo a los pobres- es una manera eficiente de lograr la protección a la salud contra riesgos financieros. Para los gobiernos nacionales, la universalización progresiva produciría elevadas ganancias en salud por cada dólar que se gaste en ésta, y los pobres serían quienes más ganarían en términos tanto de salud como de protección financiera. La mejor manera en que la comunidad internacional puede brindar apoyo a los países para implementar una CUS progresiva es financiando la investigación sobre políticas e implementación, por ejemplo, sobre la mecánica del diseño e instrumentación de la evolución del paquete de beneficios conforme crezca el presupuesto para las finanzas públicas.


Prompted by the 20th anniversary of the 1993 World Development Report, a Lancet Commission revisited the case for investment in health and developed a new investment framework to achieve dramatic health gains by 2035. The Commission's report has four key messages, each accompanied by opportunities for action by national governments of low-income and middle-income countries and by the international community. First, there is an enormous economic payoff from investing in health. The impressive returns make a strong case for both increased domestic financing of health and for allocating a higher proportion of official development assistance to development of health. Second, modeling by the Commission found that a "grand convergence" in health is achievable by 2035-that is, a reduction in infectious, maternal, and child mortality down to universally low levels. Convergence would require aggressive scale up of existing and new health tools, and it could mostly be financed from the expected economic growth of low- and middle-income countries. The international community can best support convergence by funding the development and delivery of new health technologies and by curbing antibiotic resistance. Third, fiscal policies -such as taxation of tobacco and alcohol- are a powerful and underused lever that governments can use to curb non-communicable diseases and injuries while also raising revenue for health. International action on NCDs and injuries should focus on providing technical assistance on fiscal policies, regional cooperation on tobacco, and funding policy and implementation research on scaling-up of interventions to tackle these conditions. Fourth, progressive universalism, a pathway to universal health coverage (UHC) that includes the poor from the outset, is an efficient way to achieve health and financial risk protection. For national governments, progressive universalism would yield high health gains per dollar spent and poor people would gain the most in terms of health and financial protection. The international community can best support countries to implement progressive UHC by financing policy and implementation research, such as on the mechanics of designing and implementing evolution of the benefits package as the resource envelope for public finance grows.


Subject(s)
Humans , Public Health , Global Health , Preventive Health Services , Community Health Planning , Universal Health Insurance , Developing Countries , Financing, Government , Financing, Organized , Goals , Health Policy , Health Promotion , International Cooperation , Investments
16.
Int J Health Policy Manag ; 4(8): 553-5, 2015 May 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26340398

ABSTRACT

This paper comments on the principles that informed Rwanda's successful efforts to adapt its health system to population needs, and more specifically to reduce health inequities. The point is made that these may be universally applicable for countries as they deal with the challenges of post-2015 health agenda.

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